Latin Americas struggle against financial fraud

Financial Services Review | Thursday, March 31, 2022

Overview of the level of financial crime across Latin America and criminal activities developed in recent years

FREMONT CA: The financial crime climate in Latin America is problematic–Drug trafficking, mineral smuggling, and human trafficking are common illegal operations. Through money laundering (ML), trade-based money laundering (TBML), terrorism financing (TF), and corruption, these activities generate unlawful cashflows. Furthermore, firms conducting business in Latin America have to deal with the risk of occupational fraud, which can take three forms: asset misappropriation, financial statement fraud, and corruption, including bribery and extortion. Only half of the Latin American countries have undertaken a Financial Action Task Force (FATF) fourth-round examination, according to the Basel Institute of Governance (BIG), a unit of the United Nations Criminal Justice Program, in its yearly rating of ML and TF risks. This reduces comparability and, if the trend continues, more nations will fall behind in global rankings when fresh FATF evaluations are completed. Currently, the region is plagued by substantial levels of corruption and bribery and a lack of financial transparency and public accountability.

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Despite the fact that financial crime enforcement has increased in recent years, the number of convictions for these crimes remains low when compared to other sorts of crimes. It is undeniable that the number of investigations has increased over time. Many of these cases are still pending in courts. The number of investigations into financial crimes in Argentina has increased as a result of recent breaches of information from numerous offshore tax havens and cooperation between agencies from different countries. And on the other hand, Argentina's stringent exchange limitations, high tax pressure, and economic volatility have created a culture that permits non-compliance with these norms in practically all areas. Criminals face problems when a local government takes the initiative and launches an inquiry, usually fueled by information exchange or some other form of international cooperation.

Due to governmental weakness and the incapacity of financial intelligence units (FIUs) to fulfill their tasks, illicit financial flows (IFF) have been a structural problem in Latin America. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) estimated tax evasion and illicit money flows in Latin America and the Caribbean to be worth $325 billion per year in September 2021. The impetus of financial crime in the region is economic informality, aggravated by the pandemic. The US Department of State has designated certain countries as jurisdictions of concern. According to the BIG, Latin American countries are also sources of ML and TF dangers. Indexes such as the Corruption Perceptions Index and the Global Illicit Trade Environment also aid in determining the extent of the problem.

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A federal criminal court has handed down the first-ever conviction for using bitcoins to launder money. In the case known as "the White Coils," a court in the city of Baha Blanca convicted seven suspects in connection with the greatest cocaine bust in Argentine history. Six people were found guilty of drug trafficking. However, the case's uniqueness rests in the conviction of a cryptocurrency dealer accused of using bitcoins to launder money for a criminal organization. Offline bitcoin trading services were supplied by the trader in question, bypassing payment channels and exchanges. In essence, he either got cryptocurrency transfers from other countries for which he paid cash in Argentina, or he received cash and then transferred bitcoins to a foreign beneficiary. According to federal prosecutors, the trader seemed to have known the money was illegally obtained. As a result, the operator had knowingly assisted in the laundering of illegal funds. The operator was sentenced to five years in prison and fined £3.7 million, which was eight times the value of the illegal operations.

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The breakdown of Venezuela's economy has increased regional financial crime threats. The Permanent Council of the Organization of American States reached this judgment in a resolution dated September 11, 2019, based on Article 6 of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR). Later, on September 23, 2019, the Meetings of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs decided to promote international cooperation among FIUs to investigate money laundering, illegal drug trafficking, terrorism and its financing, and transnational organized crime perpetrated by individuals and entities linked to Venezuela's illegitimate president, Nicolás Maduro. The resolution of September 23 proposed transnational mechanisms to combat IFF emanating from Venezuela, including "an operational network, composed of financial intelligence and public security authorities, as well as other competent authorities of the States Parties to the TIAR, to enhance legal, judicial, and police cooperation.

The Pandora Papers is the largest collaborative journalistic investigation in history, and it is one of the most well-known cases in recent years. According to the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), a massive leak of tax haven papers exposed the secret deals and concealed assets of more than 330 politicians and high-ranking government employees from more than 90 nations and territories including 35 country leaders. This case sheds light on the enormous range of financial crimes perpetrated worldwide, particularly in Latin America. The specifics demonstrate the scope of financial crime in Latin America and the importance of public and business sector action to prevent, detect, and respond to financial crime. There is a necessity for beneficial ownership registers, a clear understanding of beneficial ownership, independent verification of beneficial ownership data, and the closure of loopholes that allow anonymity.

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